Alcohols are named using the parent hydrocarbon name but with the final – e dropped and the suffix – ol attached. If an OH group (also called a hydroxyl group) is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule, the compound is an alcohol. In the remainder of this section, we introduce two other common functional groups. A carbon–carbon double bond is considered a functional group because carbon–carbon double bonds chemically react in specific ways that differ from reactions of alkanes (for example, under certain circumstances, alkenes react with water) a carbon–carbon triple bond also undergoes certain specific chemical reactions. Alkanes have no functional group, and they are mostly inert (unreactive). A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to a molecule. The carbon–carbon double and triple bonds are examples of functional groups in organic chemistry. A difference as simple as the difference between a single and double carbon–carbon bond can have a significant impact on health. Most of these organizations also recommend decreasing the total amount of fat in the diet. Thus, there have been recommendations by government bodies and health associations to decrease the proportion of saturated fat and increase the proportion of unsaturated fat in the diet. In contrast, increases in unsaturated fats (either mono- or polyunsaturated) have been linked to a lower incidence of certain diseases. Some studies have linked higher amounts of saturated fats in people’s diets with a greater likelihood of developing heart disease, high cholesterol, and other diet-related diseases. Olive oil, flaxseed oil, and many fish oils are mono- or polyunsaturated fats. Mono- or polyunsaturated fats are likely to be liquids at room temperature and are often called oils. Saturated fats are typically solids at room temperature beef fat (tallow) is one example. The long carbon chains can have either all single bonds, in which case the fat is classified as saturated, or one or more double bonds, in which case it is a monounsaturated or a polyunsaturated fat, respectively. A group of compounds called fats can have them as well, and their presence or absence in the human diet is becoming increasingly correlated with health issues.įats are combinations of long-chain organic compounds (fatty acids) and glycerol (C 3H 8O 3). Hydrocarbons are not the only compounds that can have carbon–carbon double bonds. To your health: saturated and unsaturated fats (For more information about alkanes, see section 3.3.) “Formulas and Molecular Models of the Three Simplest Alkanes” gives the formulas and the molecular models of the three simplest alkanes. Continuing, the stem prop– means three carbon atoms, so propane is an alkane with three carbon atoms. Similarly, the stem eth– means two carbon atoms ethane is an alkane with two carbon atoms. The stem meth– means one carbon atom, so methane is an alkane with one carbon atom. These names consist of a stem that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain plus the ending – ane. Each alkane has a characteristic, systematic name depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. These hydrocarbons are called alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons). Some hydrocarbons have only single bonds and appear as a chain (which can be a straight chain or can have branches) of carbon atoms also bonded to hydrogen atoms. The simplest organic compounds are the hydrocarbons, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. By convention, compounds containing carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, are not considered part of organic chemistry, even though they contain carbon. Most organic chemicals are covalent compounds, which is why we introduce organic chemistry here. Nevertheless, all living things consist of organic compounds. It does not even appear in the list of the most common elements in Earth’s crust. Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).Ĭuriously, elemental carbon is not particularly abundant.Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements.Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms.Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Identify organic molecules as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, or carboxylic acids.
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